Strategic Management and Information Systems-Samples for Students

Question: Compose a Literature survey on best Strategic Information Systems Practices apparent to be pertinent to the Case Organization. Answer: Writing on best vital data frameworks rehearses apparent The significant reason for which an association means to consolidate data frameworks are three-proper arrangement of the business procedure with the data framework, powerful getting ready for key data framework to recognize arrangement of the framework and ultimately, to achieve upper hand through a data framework or a blend of data framework (Laudon, 2016). Peppard and Ward (2016) feature three significant difficulties that is looked during the fuse of the key data framework arrangement between the framework abilities and vital expectation of the association, to deliberately execute the structured procedure and ultimately to shape the current authoritative assets with the actualized innovation so the innovation can be used appropriately. Apple Inc. acquisitioned the data innovation as their center business objective is to introducing cutting edge portable innovation to their clients. Business knowledge is fused for dissecting, dispersing and ensuring vital data for settling on succe ssful dynamic (Galliers Leidner, 2014). There vital data framework rehearses are: Client Privacy and Customization Probably the best practice that Apple Inc follows is the client protection and customization. In this way, they have built up a few applications that satisfy the need of clients dependent on their requirements. Taken for example, the training for redid robotization procedure can be seen through their item scope of Apple or Mac, where iCloud is introduced through which fundamental undertakings can be practiced through advanced creation, assortment and capacity of significant data. Notwithstanding that, Power Mac Store is valuable application for the clerks from where they can trade the cash and buy any thing. Cassidy (2016) expressed that so as to SISP procedure is a theoretical framework that changes hierarchical contributions to a compelling IS plan. It is obligatory to have standard arrangement of procedures and strong instruments with the goal that each venture can be achieved effectively. Vital mindfulness Apple consistently underscores on enhancing things. Marabelli and Galliers (2017) expressed that sue to this advancement individuals incline toward this brand over the others even through different devices gives a lot more highlights under less cost. In this perspective, Apple Inc. likewise decides key arranging issues like what is the current hole of their current innovation and the market request. In addition, characterizing arranging destinations is their best vital way to deal with comprehend the clients prerequisites and afterward create items that intently coordinates with their necessities. They create items just for high pay gathering and keep up their contraptions to that level. Notwithstanding that Lawn et al. (2015) feature that sorting out the arranging group is another significant apparatus for them. In contrast to other mechanical organizations, Apple doesn't have a solitary arranging group for various venture. Be that as it may, they have diverse group for a solitary t ask. The best and streamlined out of all the group is chosen. This system is useful for the representatives and Apple can use the other wanting to different business functionalities. Circumstance investigation In this viewpoint, the association accentuates on the current business frameworks, current authoritative framework, outside and interior business condition, outer IT condition and current data frameworks. For this situation they evaluate their serious situation in the market. Correspondence framework is additionally values in this viewpoint, where computerization and mechanical advances ought to be known to all the staffs and hence, powerful correspondence framework is consolidated so all the staff individuals can get mindful of the new innovation and use it to accomplish the authoritative capacities viably. Technique Conception Sousa and Oz (2014) expressed that an association recognize their significant IT goals, their distinguishing proof and assessment of chances for development of the current business methodologies. Apple Inc. for this situation distinguish the elevated level IT methodologies. The significant sorts of data framework consolidated in the association are: office robotization framework, exchange preparing framework, the board data framework, choice emotionally supportive network, master framework, information work framework and master bolster data framework. System Formulation Distinguishing proof of the new business forms, IT design, explicit new activities and necessities and needs of these ventures are the significant worry in this stage (Reich Benbasat, 2013). Apple Inc. builds up their IT model by building up their approaches, rule, administrations, measures and rules and items as efficacious strides for IT engineering. Picture: IT engineering for the IT approaches in an association (Source: Reich Benbasat, 2013) Methodology Implementation Planning In this stage an association characterize its change the board approach that is to either change the innovation so representatives can be comparable with the recently executed framework or to shape the workers so they can learn new innovation and to use it for getting the authoritative methods. Advancement of activity plan is the significant methodology in this stage, Employees if need preparing are remembered for the arrangement. Observing each progression of the preparation or the learning procedure is fundamental so as to assess the advancement of the execution framework. Survey industry best practice models where accessible Apple Inc. the successful vital data framework can be seen through starting, arranging, execution, and closedown. The procedure is firmly portrayed as: Stage No. Part of the stage Significance of the stage first Phase Starting Apple. Start an improvement group in this underlying stage. The colleagues define a relationship with the client and found out about the administration methods, venture commencement plan, venture contract and task the board condition. second Phase Arranging The significance of this stage can be seen through the achievement of the assignment for accomplishing the authoritative objectives. Colleagues cooperatively separate the improvement of IS to find out about various module of the framework with the goal that powerful and redid data framework can be planned. Spending arranging is likewise a piece of this stage. third Phase Execution The arrangement created in the second stage is executed in this stage. The significance of this stage is the capacity to survey whether the association can follow the arrangement. fourth Phase Closedown Leading post-venture audits and creating open doors for the following undertakings are two significance part of this stage. Getting these two components permit Apple Plc. to assess the fruitful usage of a powerful data framework. Table 1: Phases to execute key data framework (Source: Created by Author) Osman et al. (2015) expressed that the Apple Inc. appropriately adjust the data framework arranging with corporate key arranging so their business procedures can acquired viably. Kavanagh and Johnson (2017) portrayed that the corporate vital anticipating the concerned association involves current undertaking, future venture and vital arrangement. The data framework colleagues are subject to postings of manual and mechanized procedures and keeping up HR creator alongside the innovation stock. Notwithstanding that the future circumstance includes arranging chart (outline) of both manual just as computerized procedures and human asset diagrams alongside the innovation plans. Reasonable model of the key elements for creating key data frameworks plan The key factors that are distinguished from the writing are-vital mindfulness, circumstance examination, procedure origination and system definition. Picture 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) Diagram of audit system to accumulate venture information Apple execute the key data framework by distinguish the phases of development and basic achievement factors like-similarity of the framework, compelling correspondence and information abilities in the staffs (Kitsios and Kamariotou, 2017). Examining serious powers model through Michael Porters model, esteem chain investigation, interior and outer business examination, the economic situation can be assessed. SWOT can be used for tending to the associations inner quality and shortcomings and outside dangers and openings (Petter et al., 2013). This assessment permits the association to make powerful arrangement for executing the key data framework. This exploration will underscore on the essential information assortment from the Apples representative with respect to the robotization procedure. The chiefs of the Apple Inc. are likewise thought of with the goal that they can introduce their perspectives on the current innovations and the advancement of the innovation for the better item improvement. The IS procedure process is followed top down arranging and spotlights on business forms that depend on the associations targets and mission. Along these lines, essential information are gathered however both the subjective and quantitative information examination process is used. Synopsis It tends to be presumed that a decent arranging in the IS system can get a viable upper hand. Subsequently, it is discovered that key mindfulness, circumstance investigation, technique origination, methodology definition and procedure execution arranging are the five key factors that are distinguished as the accepted procedures to actualize data framework. It can likewise be said that legitimate business arranging with the data innovation permits an o

Use Case Narrative Enrollment System Free Essays

An E-trade Website Use Case Name: Search and peruse items ID: US-I Priority: High Actor: Shopper Description: This utilization case depicts a customer who searches and peruses items. Trigger: A customer is searching for a particular item. Trigger Type: External Preconditions: 1 . We will compose a custom exposition test on Utilize Case Narrative: Enrollment System or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The customer is educated about the item he/she is searching for. 2. The site is accessible. 3. The commercial and purchaser account databases are forward-thinking and on the web. Typical Course: 1. 0 Search and peruse items and select item to buy 1 . The customer appeases the class of the thing and the thing itself to be looked. 2. The framework confirms that the thing is accessible. 3. The framework creates all the items coordinating the inquiry demand. 4. The customer chooses an item and needs to put it in a truck. 5. The framework requests that the customer sign in. (Elective Course 1 . 1) 6. The customer signs in his/her purchaser account. 7. The framework checks the record. 8. The customer adds the item to truck. Data for Steps Search Criteria List of endorsed advertisements Buyer Account List of Buyer Accounts New Cart Entry Modified Cart Alternative Courses: 1. The customer doesn’t as of now have a purchaser account. (branch at stage 5) 1. The customer enlists his/her ideal last name and secret word. 2. The framework confirms if the family name is as yet accessible. AAA. The last name is as yet accessible. AAA. The customer has made a purchaser account. Come back to Normal Course Step 6. 5. B. The last name as of now exists. B. The framework inquires as to whether he needs to proceed with enlistment or not. B. 1 The customer needs to proceed with enrollment. B. 1 Return to Alternative course 1. 1 stage 1 B. 2 The customer drops the solicitation. B. 2 The framework ends the utilization case. Family name and Password List of Buyer Surnames New Buyer Account Request for re-enlistment Cancellation Postpositions: 1 . At least one items are added to the shopper’s truck. 2. Truck has been changed. 3. The unregistered customer has made a purchaser account. Special cases: El: Search demand restores no outcome. (happens at stage 2) 1 . The framework shows the message advise search didn't coordinate any records. Attempt another hunt. â€Å". 2. The framework begins Normal Course once more. E: Buyer Account isn't legitimate. (happens at stage 7) 1 . The framework shows the message educate family name and secret word isn't legitimate. Please reappear your last name and secret key. â€Å". E: Account inputted isn't a Buyer Account. (happens at stage 7) 1. The framework shows the message educate account is a Seller Account. It would be ideal if you enter a Buyer Account. â€Å". 2. Come back to Normal Course stage 5. Synopsis Inputs Source Outputs Destination Request for re-enrollment or Cancellation Shopper Active Advertisement Database Buyer Account Database Cart Database Use Case Name: Purchase items online ID: US-2 Actor: Buyer Description: This utilization case depicts a buyer’s acquisition of product(s) on his/her truck on the web. Trigger: A purchaser needs to purchase an item. . The buyer’s account is validated. 2. The purchaser account database 3. At least one items are in the truck. 4. The purchaser has indicated availability to look at and purchase product(s) in his/her truck. 1. 0 Buyer affirms the purpose to purchase and supplies installment. 1. The purchaser opens his/her truck. 2. The framework shows the cart’s substance with price(s) of product(s) included. 3. The purchaser buy product(s) by means of Papal. 4. The purchaser entered the installment data. 5. The framework confirms the installment information’s authority. 6. The purchaser affirms the installment exchange. (Elective Course 1 . 1) 7. The framework breaks installment. 8. The framework affirms the payment’s achievement. 9. The framework expels the bought product(s) from the truck. 10. The purchaser needs to view and print the ongoing or all the installment transaction’s report Information for Steps Purchase Authorization Cart Contents Payment Information Payment Information’s Authorization Payment Confirmation Product(s) Sale(s)’ subtleties Payment Transaction List of Payment Transactions Payment Transaction(s)’ report(s) 1. 1 Buyer drops installment. (branch at stage 6) 1 . The purchaser drops the installment exchange. 2. Come back to Normal Course 6. 1. Truck has been changed. Product(s) buy is recorded. 3. Product(s) deals exchange is recorded. 4. The purchaser has the printed reports for the ongoing or all the installment exchanges. El: Payment Information isn't approved. (happens at stage 5) 1. The framework shows the message â€Å"The installment data isn't acknowledged. If it's not too much trouble enter an approved installment data. â€Å". 2. Come back to Normal Course stage 4. Installment Information’s Authorization Buyer Payment Clearinghouse Payment Transaction Database Payment Transaction(sys report(s) Product Sales Database Use Case Name: Post notice sections ID: US-3 Actor: Seller Depiction: This utilization case portrays a merchant posting notice passages. Trigger: A vender need to post a commercial passage. 1 . The seller’s account is verified. 2. The dealer is educated about the item he/she will promote. 3. The 4. The merchant account database is cutting-edge and on the web. 1. 0 Buyer’s posting of item commercials. 1 . The dealer needs to post an ad section. 2. The framework requests that the vender sign in his/her merchant account. 3. The vender signs in his/her dealer account. (Elective Course 1 . 1) 4. The framework checks the record. 5. The vender inputs the commercial data. The framework confirms the notice data. 7. The vender affirms the notice. 8. The framework affirms the ad passage for concede endorsement. Data for Seller Account List of Seller Accounts Advertisement Information Advertisement Confirmation New Advertisement Entry 1. 1 The dealer doesn’t as of now have a vender account. (branch at stage 3) 1. The merchant enlist s his/her ideal family name and secret phrase. 2. The framework confirms if the family name is as yet accessible. AAA. The last name is as yet accessible. AAA. B. B. The merchant has made a vender account. Come back to Normal Course Step 4. The last name as of now exists. The framework inquires as to whether he needs to proceed with enlistment or not. B. 1 The merchant needs to proceed with enlistment. B. 2 The dealer drops the solicitation. Rundown of Seller Surnames New Seller Account 1 . The promotion passage is added to the notice database for concede endorsement. 2. The unregistered dealer has made a merchant account. El: Seller Account isn't substantial. (happens at stage 4) 1 . The framework shows the message reflect last name and secret phrase isn't substantial. Please reappear your family name and secret key. â€Å". E: Account inputted isn't a Seller Account. (happens at stage 4) 1 . The framework shows the message illuminate account is a Buyer Account. If you don't mind enter a Seller Account. â€Å". 2. Come back to Normal Course stage 3. Dealer Seller Account Database Pending Advertisement Database Use Case Name: Management of seller’s dynamic promotions ID: US-4 Description: This utilization case depicts the vender seeing his/her dynamic notices. Trigger: The vender needs to see his/her dynamic notices. Trigger Type: External 1 . The dealer account is verified. 2. The notice database is state-of-the-art and on the web. 1. 0 Managing of dynamic promotions 1 . The merchant needs to deal with his/her dynamic notices. The framework shows all the seller’s dynamic notices. AAA. The merchant alters the substance brute explicit promotion. AAA. The framework affirms the adjustment. B. The dealer affirms the erasure an advertisement(s). B. The framework affirms the adjustment. Rundown of Active Advertisements Edit Information Edited Advertisement Deletio n Confirmation Deleted Advertisement(s) None 1 . Notice Database has been changed. Rundown of Active Advertisements Use Case Name: Sales Revenue Report ID: US-5 Priority: Low Description: This utilization case depicts a merchant review and printing his/her business income report. Trigger: A merchant needs to view and print his/her business income report. 1. The seller’s account is verified. 2. The item deals database is exceptional and on the web. 1. 0 Viewing and printing of deals income report 1. The dealer needs to see his/her business income report. 2. The framework shows his/her business income report. 3. The vender affirms the print of the report. 4. The framework print the business income report. Rundown of Sales Revenue Sales Revenue Report 1 . The vender has the printed report of his/her business income. Use Case Name: Management of the considerable number of ads ID: US-6 Actor: Admit Portrayal: This utilization case depicts the concede dealing with all the pending and dynamic notices. Trigger: The concede needs to deal with the notices. 1. The adman’s account is confirmed. 2. The concede account database is exceptional and on the web. 3. The promotion database is state-of-the-art and on the web. 1. 0 Managing of the considerable number of promotions 1. The concede signs in his/her concede account. 2. The framework confirms the record. 3. The concede needs to deal with all the notices both pending and dynamic. 4. The framework shows all the pending and dynamic notices. AAA. The concede chooses and see a pending ad. Step by step instructions to refer to Use Case Narrative: Enrollment System, Essays

Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment

Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment Basics Print Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 08, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 istockphoto More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Babies bond with adults who provide them with consistent, loving care. They recognize the adults who protect them and calm them when they’re feeling stressed. In most cases, they develop healthy attachments to their primary caregivers, like their parents, daycare provider, or perhaps a grandparent who is very involved. But sometimes, babies struggle to form healthy relationships with a stable adult. Consequently, they may develop reactive attachment disorder, a mental health condition that makes it difficult to form healthy and loving relationships. Causes Reactive attachment disorder may result when children aren’t given proper care by stable and consistent caregivers. If a caregiver doesn’t respond to an infant’s cries or a child isn’t nurtured and loved, he may not develop a healthy attachment. Here are some examples of times when a child may not be able to form a secure attachment to a primary caregiver: A child’s mother is incarcerated off and on. The child resides with various relatives while she is in jail and the baby is never in the same home long enough to form a strong bond with any adults.A mother has depression. Consequently, she struggles to care for her child. She is not responsive to him when he cries and she doesn’t show him much affection.A child is removed from his birth parents and placed in foster care. He lives in several different foster homes over the course of a year. He doesn’t form secure relationships with any caregivers.Two parents have serious substance abuse problems. Under the influence of drugs and alcohol, they aren’t able to provide their child with adequate care.A baby is placed in an orphanage. There are many different caregivers but the baby is rarely held or consoled when she cries. She spends most of her time in a crib.A young mother doesn’t understand child development basics. She lacks the knowledge to care for her child physically and emotionally. The child doesn’t bond with his mother because she isn’t responsive to his needs. Any time there’s a consistent disregard for a child’s emotional or physical needs, a child may be at risk for developing a reactive attachment disorder. A lack of stimulation and affection can also play a role. Symptoms Children with reactive attachment disorder often refuse to follow rules and they may lash out against others with little empathy. But reactive attachment disorder goes beyond behavior problems. In order to qualify for a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, a child must exhibit a consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers. Children with reactive attachment disorder: Rarely or minimally seek comfort when distressedRarely or minimally respond to comfort when distressed To meet the criteria, they must also exhibit two of the following symptoms: Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to othersLimited positive affectEpisodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident during non-threatening interactions with adult caregivers In addition to exhibiting those symptoms, the child must also have a history of insufficient care as evidenced by at least one of the following: Changes in primary caregivers that limit the child’s opportunity to form a stable attachmentPersistent lack of emotional warmth and affection from adultsBeing raised in an unusual setting that severely limits a child’s opportunity to form selective attachments (such as an orphanage) The symptoms must be present before the age of 5. And the child must have a developmental age of at least nine months to qualify for a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. Prevalence of Reactive Attachment Disorder Since reactive attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosisâ€"and many children go untreated, it’s uncertain how many children may meet the criteria. In 2010, one study found less than 0.4 percent of Danish children had reactive attachment disorder. A 2013 study estimated about 1.4 percent of children living in an impoverished area in the United Kingdom had an attachment disorder. It’s estimated that children in foster careâ€"and those who resided in orphanagesâ€"exhibit much higher rates of reactive attachment disorder. A history of maltreatment and disruptions to a child’s care likely increases the risk. Diagnosis Teachers, daycare providers, and primary caregivers are likely to notice that a child with reactive attachment disorder exhibits emotional and behavioral issues. A thorough examination by a mental health professional can establish whether a child has reactive attachment disorder. An evaluation may include: Direct observation of the child interacting with a caregiverA thorough history of a child’s development and living situationInterviews with the primary caregivers to learn more about parenting stylesObservation of the child’s behavior There are several other conditions that may present with similar emotional or behavioral symptoms. A mental health professional will determine whether a child’s symptoms may be explained by other conditions such as: Adjustment disordersPost-traumatic stress disorderCognitive disabilitiesAutismMood disorders Sometimes, children with reactive attachment disorder experience comorbid conditions. Research shows that children with attachment disorders experience higher rates of ADHD, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorders. The History of the Reactive Attachment Disorder Diagnosis Attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosis. It was first introduced in 1980. In 1987, two subtypes of reactive attachment disorder were introduced; inhibited and disinhibited. In 2013, the diagnosis was updated again. The DSM-5 refers to the disinhibited type as a separate condition called disinhibited social engagement disorder. Disinhibited social engagement disorder is an attachment disorder that is also caused by a lack of a secure attachment with a caregiverâ€"like reactive attachment disorder. Children with disinhibited social engagement disorder approach and interact with unfamiliar adults without any fear. They are often willing to go off with a stranger without any hesitation. Treatment The first step in treating a child with reactive attachment disorder usually involves ensuring the child is given a loving, caring, and stable environment. Therapy won’t be effective if a child continues moving from foster home to foster home or if he continues living in a residential setting with inconsistent caregivers. Therapy usually involves the child as well as the parent or primary caregiver. The caregiver is educated about reactive attachment disorder and given information about how to build trust and develop a healthy bond. Sometimes, caregivers are encouraged to attend parenting classes to learn how to manage behavior problems. And if the caregiver struggles to provide a child with warmth and affection, parent training may be provided to help a child feel safe and loved. Controversial Therapies That Are Not Recommended In the past, some treatment centers used several controversial therapies for children with reactive attachment disorder. For example, holding therapy involves a therapist or a caregiver physically restraining a child. The child is expected to go through a range of emotions until he eventually stops resisting. Unfortunately, some children have died while being restrained. Another controversial therapy involves rebirthing. During rebirthing, children with reactive attachment disorder are wrapped in blankets and therapists simulate the birthing process by acting as though the child is moving through the birth canal. Rebirthing became illegal in several states after a child suffocated. The American Psychiatric Association and The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry caution against holding therapies and rebirthing techniques. Such techniques are considered pseudoscience and there is no evidence that they reduce the symptoms associated with reactive attachment disorder. If you consider any non-traditional treatments for your child, it’s important to talk to your child’s doctor before beginning treatment. Long-Term Prognosis for Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder Without treatment, a child with reactive attachment disorder may experience ongoing social, emotional, and behavioral problems. And that may put a child at risk for bigger problems as he grows older. Researchers estimate that 52 percent of juvenile offenders have an attachment disorder or borderline attachment disorder. The vast majority of those teens had experienced maltreatment or neglect early in life. Early intervention may be key to helping kids develop healthy attachments earlier in life. And the sooner they receive treatment, the fewer problems they may have over time. How to Reduce the Risk There are several ways in which primary caregivers may be able to reduce the risk that a child will develop reactive attachment disorder. Educate yourself about child development. Learning how to respond to your baby’s cues and how to help reduce your child’s stress can be instrumental in developing a healthy attachment.Provide positive attention. Playing with your baby, reading to her, and cuddling with her can help establish a loving and trusting relationship.Nurture your child. Simple everyday activities, like changing your baby’s diaper and feeding her, are opportunities to bond.Learn about attachment issues. If you are raising a child who has a history of neglect, maltreatment, or caregiver interruptions, educate yourself about attachment issues. Where to Find Help If you have concerns that your child may have an emotional or behavioral disorder, start by talking to your child’s doctor. The pediatrician can evaluate your child and determine whether a referral to a mental health provider is appropriate.

Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment

Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment Basics Print Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 08, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 istockphoto More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Babies bond with adults who provide them with consistent, loving care. They recognize the adults who protect them and calm them when they’re feeling stressed. In most cases, they develop healthy attachments to their primary caregivers, like their parents, daycare provider, or perhaps a grandparent who is very involved. But sometimes, babies struggle to form healthy relationships with a stable adult. Consequently, they may develop reactive attachment disorder, a mental health condition that makes it difficult to form healthy and loving relationships. Causes Reactive attachment disorder may result when children aren’t given proper care by stable and consistent caregivers. If a caregiver doesn’t respond to an infant’s cries or a child isn’t nurtured and loved, he may not develop a healthy attachment. Here are some examples of times when a child may not be able to form a secure attachment to a primary caregiver: A child’s mother is incarcerated off and on. The child resides with various relatives while she is in jail and the baby is never in the same home long enough to form a strong bond with any adults.A mother has depression. Consequently, she struggles to care for her child. She is not responsive to him when he cries and she doesn’t show him much affection.A child is removed from his birth parents and placed in foster care. He lives in several different foster homes over the course of a year. He doesn’t form secure relationships with any caregivers.Two parents have serious substance abuse problems. Under the influence of drugs and alcohol, they aren’t able to provide their child with adequate care.A baby is placed in an orphanage. There are many different caregivers but the baby is rarely held or consoled when she cries. She spends most of her time in a crib.A young mother doesn’t understand child development basics. She lacks the knowledge to care for her child physically and emotionally. The child doesn’t bond with his mother because she isn’t responsive to his needs. Any time there’s a consistent disregard for a child’s emotional or physical needs, a child may be at risk for developing a reactive attachment disorder. A lack of stimulation and affection can also play a role. Symptoms Children with reactive attachment disorder often refuse to follow rules and they may lash out against others with little empathy. But reactive attachment disorder goes beyond behavior problems. In order to qualify for a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, a child must exhibit a consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers. Children with reactive attachment disorder: Rarely or minimally seek comfort when distressedRarely or minimally respond to comfort when distressed To meet the criteria, they must also exhibit two of the following symptoms: Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to othersLimited positive affectEpisodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident during non-threatening interactions with adult caregivers In addition to exhibiting those symptoms, the child must also have a history of insufficient care as evidenced by at least one of the following: Changes in primary caregivers that limit the child’s opportunity to form a stable attachmentPersistent lack of emotional warmth and affection from adultsBeing raised in an unusual setting that severely limits a child’s opportunity to form selective attachments (such as an orphanage) The symptoms must be present before the age of 5. And the child must have a developmental age of at least nine months to qualify for a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. Prevalence of Reactive Attachment Disorder Since reactive attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosisâ€"and many children go untreated, it’s uncertain how many children may meet the criteria. In 2010, one study found less than 0.4 percent of Danish children had reactive attachment disorder. A 2013 study estimated about 1.4 percent of children living in an impoverished area in the United Kingdom had an attachment disorder. It’s estimated that children in foster careâ€"and those who resided in orphanagesâ€"exhibit much higher rates of reactive attachment disorder. A history of maltreatment and disruptions to a child’s care likely increases the risk. Diagnosis Teachers, daycare providers, and primary caregivers are likely to notice that a child with reactive attachment disorder exhibits emotional and behavioral issues. A thorough examination by a mental health professional can establish whether a child has reactive attachment disorder. An evaluation may include: Direct observation of the child interacting with a caregiverA thorough history of a child’s development and living situationInterviews with the primary caregivers to learn more about parenting stylesObservation of the child’s behavior There are several other conditions that may present with similar emotional or behavioral symptoms. A mental health professional will determine whether a child’s symptoms may be explained by other conditions such as: Adjustment disordersPost-traumatic stress disorderCognitive disabilitiesAutismMood disorders Sometimes, children with reactive attachment disorder experience comorbid conditions. Research shows that children with attachment disorders experience higher rates of ADHD, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorders. The History of the Reactive Attachment Disorder Diagnosis Attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosis. It was first introduced in 1980. In 1987, two subtypes of reactive attachment disorder were introduced; inhibited and disinhibited. In 2013, the diagnosis was updated again. The DSM-5 refers to the disinhibited type as a separate condition called disinhibited social engagement disorder. Disinhibited social engagement disorder is an attachment disorder that is also caused by a lack of a secure attachment with a caregiverâ€"like reactive attachment disorder. Children with disinhibited social engagement disorder approach and interact with unfamiliar adults without any fear. They are often willing to go off with a stranger without any hesitation. Treatment The first step in treating a child with reactive attachment disorder usually involves ensuring the child is given a loving, caring, and stable environment. Therapy won’t be effective if a child continues moving from foster home to foster home or if he continues living in a residential setting with inconsistent caregivers. Therapy usually involves the child as well as the parent or primary caregiver. The caregiver is educated about reactive attachment disorder and given information about how to build trust and develop a healthy bond. Sometimes, caregivers are encouraged to attend parenting classes to learn how to manage behavior problems. And if the caregiver struggles to provide a child with warmth and affection, parent training may be provided to help a child feel safe and loved. Controversial Therapies That Are Not Recommended In the past, some treatment centers used several controversial therapies for children with reactive attachment disorder. For example, holding therapy involves a therapist or a caregiver physically restraining a child. The child is expected to go through a range of emotions until he eventually stops resisting. Unfortunately, some children have died while being restrained. Another controversial therapy involves rebirthing. During rebirthing, children with reactive attachment disorder are wrapped in blankets and therapists simulate the birthing process by acting as though the child is moving through the birth canal. Rebirthing became illegal in several states after a child suffocated. The American Psychiatric Association and The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry caution against holding therapies and rebirthing techniques. Such techniques are considered pseudoscience and there is no evidence that they reduce the symptoms associated with reactive attachment disorder. If you consider any non-traditional treatments for your child, it’s important to talk to your child’s doctor before beginning treatment. Long-Term Prognosis for Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder Without treatment, a child with reactive attachment disorder may experience ongoing social, emotional, and behavioral problems. And that may put a child at risk for bigger problems as he grows older. Researchers estimate that 52 percent of juvenile offenders have an attachment disorder or borderline attachment disorder. The vast majority of those teens had experienced maltreatment or neglect early in life. Early intervention may be key to helping kids develop healthy attachments earlier in life. And the sooner they receive treatment, the fewer problems they may have over time. How to Reduce the Risk There are several ways in which primary caregivers may be able to reduce the risk that a child will develop reactive attachment disorder. Educate yourself about child development. Learning how to respond to your baby’s cues and how to help reduce your child’s stress can be instrumental in developing a healthy attachment.Provide positive attention. Playing with your baby, reading to her, and cuddling with her can help establish a loving and trusting relationship.Nurture your child. Simple everyday activities, like changing your baby’s diaper and feeding her, are opportunities to bond.Learn about attachment issues. If you are raising a child who has a history of neglect, maltreatment, or caregiver interruptions, educate yourself about attachment issues. Where to Find Help If you have concerns that your child may have an emotional or behavioral disorder, start by talking to your child’s doctor. The pediatrician can evaluate your child and determine whether a referral to a mental health provider is appropriate.