Gesture as a Mediating Factor in Speech and Sign Language Storytelling :: Language Education Teaching

Gesture as a Mediating Factor in Speech and Sign Language Storytelling There are many hearing individuals who do not know sign language but move their hands when speaking. Chances are these people would have a hard time telling the same story if asked not to use their hands. Additionally, the story told without the assistance of gesture would likely seem lackluster by comparison. The question becomes, to what degree is gesture an integral part of effective storytelling and how much does it add to the complexity and richness of a story? How does the gesture used in oral storytelling compare to that used in American Sign Language (ASL) storytelling? If gesture is taken into consideration, will the complexity of information conveyed be equivalent between languages? These are questions that Drs. Sarah Taub, Dennis Galvan, and Pilar Pià ±ar sought to answer in their recent study on the contribution of hand and body movements to the complexity and depth of ASL, English, and Spanish storytelling (Taub, Galvan, & Pià ±ar, 2004). Dennis Galvan Pilar Pià ±ar Sarah Taub Psychology Foreign Languages Linguistics Forming Questions The inspiration to explore the above questions grew from the .ndings of Galvan and Taub’s previous study (2004) in which they compared narratives by native ASL and English users. Results from this study indicated that when compared with English users, ASL signers consistently incorporated much more conceptual A Publication of the Gallaudet Research Institute at Gallaudet University Spring 2005 Kozol Presentation Combines Wit, Wisdom, Outrage, and Compassion** By Robert C. Johnson Jonathan Kozol, author of such books as Death at an Early Age and Savage Inequalities, gave a presentation at Gallaudet on March 30 called â€Å"Shame of the Nation: Resegregation, Inequality, and Over- Testing in Public Education.† The talk was sponsored by the Gallaudet Research Institute as part of its Schaefer Distinguished Lecture Series. In addition to the presentation, Kozol participated in several other sessions with Gallaudet faculty and students in which he reported learning a great deal about deaf students and their educational needs. He said he was particularly intrigued to learn from Gallaudet Department of Education faculty and students—deaf and hearing— that the statement â€Å"separate is never equal† does not necessarily apply to deaf students, many of whom thrive in education programs outside the mainstream. Kozol said his focus has not been on separate programs that are well designed and effectively meeting students’ needs. His concern is that current governmental and socioeconomic factors in America are depriving many students of quality educational experiences because of â€Å"racial apartheid† which is forcing too many minority children to stay in inferior learning environments. During a question and answer session with Kozol, Dr. Barbara Gerner de Garcia, a faculty member in Gallaudet’s Department of Educational Foundations and Research, pointed out

Big Five Personality Traits and Age Essay

The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparison between the big five personality traits and males and females between 15 to 30 years and 50 years and over. 26 females and 26 males completed a Big 5 Personality Test online, using the internet. The hypothesis that, males and females, between the ages of 15 to 30 years, would score higher in Openness to experience and Extraversion than males and females who are 50 years and over, was supported. It was concluded that Openness to experience and Extraversion were higher in those who were between the ages of 15 to 30 years old than those who were 50 years and older. Based on these findings it could be generalised that people between the ages of 15 to 30 are more imaginative, outgoing and energetic than those who are 50 years and older, whereas those who are 50 years and over are more organised, reliable, kind and modest. Introduction Age-related differences in personality have captured the attention of many people. Personality can be defined as â€Å"an individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are relatively stable over time and across situations†. (Grivas & Carter, 2010) Costa and McCrae (1999) had developed a five-factor model to explain the five big factors that make up a personality, the five factors are: Openness to Experience (includes traits such as imaginative, curious, artistic, excitable, insightful and unconventional), Conscientiousness (includes traits such as organised, thorough, efficient, competent, reliable and self-disciplined), Extraversion (includes traits such as outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic, assertive and adventurous), Agreeableness (includes traits such as cooperative, compliance, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, forgiving and modest) and Neuroticism (includes traits such as tense, anxious, moody, irritable, impulsive, self-conscious and vulnerability). Past research had been conducted to investigate age differences in personality across the adult life span in five different cultures. Costa and McCrae (1999) used samples from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and Korea and found that Extraversion and Openness to experience were lower in older participants than younger participants whereas Conscientiousness and Agreeableness showed the reverse pattern. Neuroticism was found to be lower in older participants than younger participants in Germany, Portugal, and Korea whereas age differences were not detectable in Italy and Croatia. (Donnellan and Lucas, 2007) At present, a comparison between the five factors and age has not been investigated in males and females between the age of 15 to 30 years and 50 years and over. The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparison between the big five personality traits and males and females between 15 to 30 years and 50 years and over. It was hypothesised that males and females between the ages of 15 to 30 years would score higher in Openness to experience and Extraversion than males and females who are 50 years and over. Method Participants- The sample consisted of 52 participants (26 males and 26 females). Participants were put into 2 groups depending on age. 13 males and 13 females were between 15 and 30 years of age, and 13 males and 13 females were 50 years or over. Materials- A Big 5 Personality Test was completed online, which was accessed at the following website: http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/ Procedure- Participants provided written informed consent and were informed of their withdrawal rights and confidentiality of their personal details. Participants were to complete a Big 5 Personality Test online which was accessed on the website. Participants received a score out of 100 for each of the traits. Data was collected, summarised and interpreted. Figure 1: Mean scores on each of the five personality traits. As shown above, on average participants between the age of 15 to 30 scored 58 on Openness to experience and participants who are 50 years and over got a score of 30. Participants who are between 15 to 30 years of age scored 50 on Conscientiousness whereas participants who are 50 years and over got a mean score of 75. Participants 15 to 30 years scored 66 on Extraversion and participants 50 years and older got a score of 35. Participants 50 years and over got a mean score of 60 on Agreeableness whereas participants who are 15 to 30 years got a score of 45. Participants who are 15 to 30 years of age got a mean score of 53 in Neuroticism and participants 50 years and older got a mean score of 45. Discussion The hypothesis that, males and females, between the ages of 15 to 30 years, would score higher in Openness to experience and Extraversion than males and females who are 50 years and over, was supported. These findings show that the younger age group (15-30 years) scored higher in Openness to experience and Extraversion whereas the older age group (50+ years) scored higher in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. The group consisting of 15 to 30 year old participants scored higher in Neuroticism but had close mean scores to those in the 50 years and over group. The results were similar to the evidence found by Donnellan and Lucas (2007) that â€Å"Extraversion and Openness to experience are negatively associated with age whereas Agreeableness is positively associated with age. â€Å" Future research should focus on exploring the five-factor model in different age groups with varying cultural backgrounds. The present study has a number of limitations; a limitation could be that the online test may not be valid so it does not accurately access personality. It is uncertain whether an adequate sample size was obtained. In addition, possible extraneous variables may have also played a role, including the participant’s mood at the current time of completing the online test and personal characteristics such as their motivation to complete the online personality test. These extraneous variables should be minimised or controlled for in future studies focusing on the five factors of a personality. In conclusion the present study found that Openness to experience and Extraversion were higher in those who were between the ages of 15 to 30 years old than those who were 50 years and older. Based on these findings it could be generalised that people between the ages of 15 to 30 are more imaginative, curious, outgoing, excitable and energetic than those who are 50 years and older, whereas those who are 50 years and over are more organised, reliable, kind, affectionate and modest. However, the findings of the present study should be considered with caution, given the number of limitations discussed above. References Costa, T.R. & McCrae, R.R. (1999) Age Differences in Personality Across the Adult Life Span: Parallels in Five Cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35, 466-477 Costa, T.R. & McCrae, R.R. (2010) Theories of Personality – Costa and McCrae Five-Factor Model. Psychology for the VCE Student Units 1&2 5E, 531-534 Donnellan, M.B. & Lucas, R.E. (2007) Age Differences in the Big Five Across the Life Span: Evidence from Two National Samples. Psychology and Aging, 23, 558-566 Grivas, J. & Carter, L. (2010) Ways of Describing Personality. Psychology for the VCE Student Units 1&2 5E, Chapter 12

Rosa Parks Eulogy Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1584 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Rosa Parks Essay Did you like this example? Rosa Parks On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was returning home from a local department store where she worked. After the bus had picked up too many passengers, the bus driver demanding that four black passengers give up their seats for the white passengers that did not have a seat (www.biography.com). Three of the African American passengers on the bus got up and exited the bus, but Rosa Parks refused. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rosa Parks Eulogy Paper" essay for you Create order Eventually, the police were called, and Rosa Parks was arrested. Rosa Parks would later claim that she was physically tired, but that she was tired of giving in. Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama to James and Leona McCauley. Several years after she was born, her parents divorced (www.history.com). Rosa Parks attended school up until she was a junior in high school when bother her mother and grandmother become ill, and she dropped out of school to take care of them. In 1932, when Rosa was 19 years old, she married Raymond Parks. With his support, Rosa managed to earn her high school degree just a year later (www.biography.com). Life for the couple was very normal up until Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus. Life became so much more difficult for Rosa Parks and her husband after that. Both husband and wife lost their jobs shortly afterward in the boycott that soon followed Rosa arrest. Sometime later the couple moved to Detroit, Michigan, and they stayed there until her death in 2005 (www.biography.com). Rosa Parks earned many awards throughout her lifetime, including, but not limited to, the Spingarn Medal, the Martin Luther King Jr. the award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal. In Troy University, there is a museum dedicated to her, which is located at the site of her arrest in downtown Montgomery, Alabama (www.biography.com) Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey is not only one of the most successful women in the world, but she is also one of the wealthiest women in the world. While Oprah Winfrey did meet Rosa Parks later on in life, Rosa Parks did pay an influential role to the young Oprah Winfrey. Oprah was born in the South during the 1950s, and witness the Civil Rights movement as a child (www.notablebiographies.com). I guess you could say that Oprah Winfrey took Rosa Parks as a bit of a mentor, which helped her maintain the courage necessary to pressure and thrive in career choices where most would have thrown in the towel on long beforehand. But Oprah didnt and continued to succeed in her life, all thanks to one woman, Rosa Parks. Elements Commonly Found in Eulogies According to Kunkel and Dennis, there are eight elements that are often found in eulogies. In order, they are an establishment of credibility to eulogize, praise for the disease, self-disclosure of emotion, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, positively appraisal, information of vivid past relationships, and continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. All these factors are found in very famous eulogies, its important to note that a eulogy does not need all of these elements. It should also be mention that these elements do not have to be used in this particular order. So what do all of these elements mean? Lets start with credibility. Credibility is the quality of being trusted and believed by ones audience. Praise of the Deceased means exactly what one would think it to mean; giving praise to a deceased person for achievements and the like. Self-Disclosure of Emotion is defined as Giving voice to ones feelings about the stressful events, such as the death of a loved one. Problem-Focused Coping is the action of giving both explicit and/or implicit directions for action. Emotion-Focused Coping is very similar to Problem-Focused Coping, but instead of stating something that needs to be done, the speaker provides a bigger picture as a target to aim for. Positive Reappraisal is speaking positively about the deceased. This could be a happy memoried spent with the dead, or mentioning what a good life the deceased has lived. Affirmation of Vivid Past Relationship means to speak about the deceased as the speaker knew them, with all their traits and flaws. Finally, theres continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased, which means to address the deceased person as if they were present, allowing the speaker to bond with that person. Analysis of Elements found in Rosa Parks Eulogy The elements of Credibility in this eulogy is unique because Oprah Winfrey is one of those people who doesnt need to establish your credibility. She was a talk show host for many years on the Oprah Winfrey show. Shes one of the most successful and wealthiest women in the world. she doesnt need to establish your credibility, because he would be out of her to do so. It would be like if the President of the United States had to explain who they were and why they should have the credibility that they already have it. Still, Oprah does say one thing that helps increase her credibility right at the beginning of the speech. Oprah states that she believes it is an honor to be here to come and say a final goodbye (line 2). By stating this, Orpah humbles herself in front of an audience by making it seem like she could never hold a candle to the hero that Rosa Parker was to her, and the black community as a whole. The second element that Oprah Winfrey uses during her eulogy is praise for the deceased. Oprah uses his element to establish Rosa as this larger than life hero by describing how she imagined Rosa Parks to be when she first heard of the bus incident. Oprah recalls that she thought Rosa must be a hundred feet tall  ¦ [and] being stalwart and strong and carrying a shield to hold back the white folks, (lines 6 -7). As humorous as this detail is, it helps paint a picture into the minds the audiences members to see Rosa as Oprah did, a hero. This element is also intertwined with the next element in this eulogy. The third element that Oprah Winfrey uses in her eulogy for Rosa Parks is a Positive reappraisal. Oprah Winfreys positive reappraisal of Rosa Parks is slightly intertwined with her previous element, praise for the deceased. After all, a part of her experience with Rosa Parks is a happy memory of her from when she was a child and when her father telling her the news (line 4). The second part of her positive reappraisal comes from a memory of when Oprah Winfrey actually met Rosa Parks several years before she died. Oprah restates that her previous imaginings of how Rose Parks must look like were very wrong, as Rosa Parks was a petite, almost delicate lady who was the personification of grace and goodness, (lines 9 10). the diction that Oprah uses in this line is certainly by known mistake. Oprah Winfreys trying to paint Rosa Parks as a little old lady that everyone knows and loves. A little old lady that is someones mother, or grandmother. A little old lady that did the right thing wh en she knew I could get her in severe trouble. In this last half of her eulogy, Oprah Winfrey uses the fourth and final element found in eulogies, the continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. Oprah Winfrey switches from simply talking about Rosa Parks to talking directly to Rosa Parks, by thanking Rosa for being a great woman who used your life to serve, (lines 14 15) to thanking her for the action that Rosa is so famous for by refus[ing] to give up your [Rosa] seat on the bus, (line 15). Oprah continues onwards, stating that if Rosa hadnt given up her seat that fateful day, trajectory of my life and the lives of so many other people in the world, (line 16) would be vastly different. Oprah would not have been the person she was, giving that speech in front of a live audience if Rosa Parks hadnt given up her seat. Oprah finishes with I marvel at your will. I celebrate your strength to this day. And I am forever grateful, Sister Rosa, for your courage, your conviction. I owe you  ¦ I will not be moved, (lines 29 33) . The reason why these last few lines are so good is that while Orpah is not only thanking a woman whom she felt mentored her, is she is praising this woman for her strength and her courage in a concise few lines and is also honor Rosa Parks all at the same time. Conclusion In conclusion, Oprah Winfrey did an incredible eulogy for the deceased Rosa Parks. she did this by using the elements of credibility, praise for the deceased, Positive reappraisal, and continuation of interactive bonds with the deceased. I thought the speech used one of the more interesting uses of credibility for a speech because Oprah Winfrey did not need to establish your credibility in front of an audience, given that the audience knew who she was. I also thought it was interesting that the last half of her speech contained only the element of continuation with the interactive bonds with the deceased. I thought that was really smart of her to do that to thank Rosa for all that she had done for others simply because she refused to give up her seat on a bus.

Girl Before A Mirror By Pablo Picasso - 863 Words

Everyone can agree that the reflection in a mirror when you look at yourself will illustrate a sense of pride in your appearance and achievements. In 1932, Pablo Picasso painted a picture titled Girl before a mirror with the subject being his French mistress Marie-Therese Walter. Picasso used a cubism stylistic approach while he created this painting. Furthermore, the idea of cubism is to take apart an object and break it down into simple shapes. Then, recreate those shapes onto a canvas and it will allow for multiple perspectives (Pablo Picasso). In addition, the multiple perspectives draw in audiences with different values and meanings of the painting. On a psychological level this painting represents a reflection of the self. Moreover, how ones see’s themselves and how others see them. This painting explains the duality of our nature. Duality happens because ones mind cannot directly experience the universe alone. Therefore our mind separates understanding and meaning from the truths. The two parts of our duality are called relatives and absolutes (The Relative and the Absolute). Having these dualities helps people see different perspectives. Experimenting with all the different perspectives allows for realization that all perspectives are relative. In addition, there are no worthless or meaningless perspectives. In this painting, I believe that Pablo Picasso has achieved duality and has been accepting to all differing viewpoints. The two main audiences with differingShow MoreRelatedWhat Was Girl Before A Mirror By Pablo Picasso1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe painting I chose to interpret was Girl Before a Mirror by Pablo Picasso, made in 1932. The medium of this painting is oil on canvas, and its dimension is 64x51  ¼Ã¢â‚¬  (162.3 x 130.2 cm). At first glance, you notice a blend of both vibrant and cool colors, creating a contrast between the woman and her reflection. Picasso also incorporated a mixture of unusual geometrical shapes that resemble a woman. In the painting, she seems to have clothes on her body but also seems to be naked. The paint strokesRead MoreCubism In Pablo Picassos Girl Before A Mirror790 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å" Girl Before a Mirror† was painted in 1932 by Pablo Picasso.the painting Girl Before a Mirror by Pablo Picasso is one of the masterpieces of the Cubism movement. Girl Before a Mirror is an amazing painting of his young mistress Marie Therese Walter. Therefore, T he painting is very involved as it tries to portray a woman facing her image as a pure innocent young lady to a woman that she is becoming. In addition, †Girl Before a Mirror’ is a painting that talks about reflections of self. TheRead More Pablo Picasso and Cubic Art Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageswomen are creator, caretaker, destroyer and a lover. 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Their art has changed the way people view things andRead MoreComparing Picasso And Van Gogh1472 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will be comparing and contrasting artists Pablo Picasso and Van Gogh, considering their intentions with their artwork. Van Gogh and Picasso two of the most famous artists out there and still are to this day. Uncountable books have been published and dedicated to them and their lives and careers of being true artist. Their art has changed the way people view things and the world around them. Vincent van Gogh was one of many artists who self taught himself, who transformed the appearanceRead MoreGirl before a Mirror1200 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Girl before a Mirror, an oil on canvas painting by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, shows two sides of a girl; one which is illustrated with a dark tone and one with a vibrant colorful tone. This painting is bright; colors are at full intensity and are arranged next to their complements, producing a visual relationship between shape and form. Forms are used to draw the viewer’s eye across the canvas where circular shapes, repeating throughout the work, are compensated by the pattern of diagonal linesRead More History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Pablo Picasso and his Art Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter and sculptor, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as a master of various media, and as one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. Picassos genius manifested itself early: at the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinationsRead MoreGuernica a Paint by Pablo Ruiz Picasso1471 Words   |  6 PagesPicasso: Guernica â€Å" I paint objects as I think them, not as I see them.† These are the words of the wise Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, a famous and talented artist in the 19th and 20th century. Many have crowned him the most influential artist of his time. Many of his works including Les Demoiselles dAvignon, Ma Jolie, and Girl Before a Mirror have set the tone for many artists to follow after. However, Guernica was one of his most famous of his pieces, painting a nearly perfect emotional picture of whatRead More Kaleidoscope Essay2076 Words   |  9 Pagesarranged and defined. â€Å"Turn it, now,† my grandfather orders, smiling. Suddenly, the clear composition unravels. It becomes a moving color war, triangles and rectangles interacting, skirting around one another to form patterns that linger only fleetingly before changing again. I gasp, intrigued. â€Å"That’s the beautiful part,† my grandfather observes. â€Å"It’s beautiful when it’s turning.† The challenge of cleaning out my desk drawers in preparation for the move to New York results in my stumbling across anRead MoreThe Treatment of the Human Figure: a Travel Through Time1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Treatment of the Human Figure: Examining Interpretations Through History Throughout history artists have been fascinated with the human figure. Before photography was invented, painting, drawing and printmaking served as the only forms of visual documentation. It often felt the purpose of art was to capture a likeness; often the beauty of the human figure was stressed and imperfections of those who were being portrayed were minimized. Thus, here was little room for artistic expression

Essay about The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory

Democratic Peace Theory The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory is based on the idea that whether states are likely to go to war or choose peace depends on the type of political system they have. There are three sub divisions 1) Monadic; Democracies that tend to be generally peaceful and are not likely to go to war, although people (can you identify people) who argue this only examine the years 1960-1970. 2) Dyadic; This version is the most accepted amongst theorists, very peaceful among one another, only likely to go to war against non allies. 3) Systematic; This is a union of states like the UN or NATO. In most literature on the this topic the two main views or interpretations of this theory (Normative logic Institutional logic)†¦show more content†¦To date, though, notably few studies have investigated whether democratic publics are more hesitant to attack democracies than autocracies.Moreover, the small body of actual work has not computed for variables that could confound the relationship bounded by shared democracy and public support for war, nor has it explored the mechanisms by which the regime nature of the adversary affects the public mood. Despite decades of inquisition on the democratic peace, we still lack convincing documentation about whether and how public opinion contributes to the absence of war among democracies. The leaders who make the ultimate decisions about war and peace in democracies have powerful impetus to respect the opinions of citizens. Public opinion matters for several reasons. First, leaders who disappoint or antagonize their constituents risk being removed from office. While early research believe that public opinion on foreign policy was incoherent (Almond 1960) and that politics â€Å"stopped at the water’s edge† (Wildavsky 1966), this interpretation has been supplanted by many other studies showing that mass opinion is logical and influential. Leaders know that citizens care about foreign policy, which foreign policy regularly plays a role in electoral campaigns, and that foreign policy mistakes can hurt leaders at the ballot box (Aldrich 1989; Gronke 2003; Gelpi 2007). Second, democratic leaders face institutional pressure on their powers to useShow MoreRelatedReliable Partners : How Democracies Have Made A Separate Peace1470 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracies Have Made a Separate Peace,† argues that Democratic Peace Theory offers an explanation as to why democracies, in particular, have avoided the war front. In his delineation, he cites the ideals of bargaining, mutual benefit, reluctance to bear the cost of war, and the restraint placed upon elected official as to why democracies, unlike non-democracies, have avoided conflict for as long as they have (Lipson 10). His argument, alike to other Democratic peace theorists, consist of the ideaRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory954 Words   |  4 PagesThe democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was the realist and non-realist thought that took pr eeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, trends, statistical data, reports have suggestedRead MoreLiberalism and Its Key Values821 Words   |  3 Pageswhich can guarantee peace between its adherents. The ‘Democratic Peace’ has been formulated in order to illustrate a world in which democratic states do not engage in war between each oth-er as fellow democrats live with a stable and historically unique form of government. This essay shall explore whether it is acceptable that one can portray ‘liberal democracy’ in par-ticular as universally applicable in a standard form. This is a central tenet of the democratic peace theory and as such requiresRead MoreEssay on Democratic Peace1477 Words   |  6 PagesDemocratic Peace Democratic peace is presently a theory that has come under fire from many individuals due to the complex nature in which it is applied to nations and their handling of foreign affairs. There are currently two accepted arguments: (1) Democracies do not fight one another because they are self-organizing systems and are therefore fundamentally distinct from other statesRead MoreDemocracy in The Middle East Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pageswould not necessarily create peace due to their cultural and geographical context. From a westernised perspective we may heavily associate the nature of democracy with peace but the history of international relations and theory has continue to show that this is definitely not the case. The Democratic Peace Theory itself contains weakness and vulnerabilities due to its reliance on ‘casual logic’ (Layne 1994, Pg. 13) lacking of detailed explanations. When considering peace as a direct outcome of liberalRead MoreThe Cold War Between America And The Soviet Union Between 1945 And 19801070 Words   |  5 Pagesregulate law in International relations, the system will not be able to provide any public good, in this case, PEACE among states. However, to some extent they do. To achieve this peace, both realists and liberals have outlined various factors that facilitate this provisio n among States. For liberals, peace among states can be achieved through economic cooperation, democratic peace theory and the establishment of hegemons. Realist on the other hand believe in nuclear deterrence, and the balance ofRead MoreIs Democracy Promotion A Mask For Hegemonic Power?1546 Words   |  7 Pagesideals upon less democratic states? Hegemony is the concept meaning primacy of the leading state over the subordinate states without the use of any direct forms of violence (invasion, occupation or annexation). Many scholars in international relations have tried to find an answer to these questions, but they are still open to a much debate and discussion. Liberals believe that democracy promotion is an essential action from more prosperous states in order to achieve international peace and protect humanRead MoreIs the EU Democratic?1411 Words   |  6 Pagestreaties and resolutions, has strived to promote values such as peace, cooperation or democracy, and in 2012 was awar ded the Nobel Peace Prize for having â€Å"contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe† (Nobel Media AB, 2012). Despite its struggle for promoting democracy, the EU itself has long experienced scholarly criticisms that it suffers the democratic deficit, from which its democratic legitimacy is undermined by observable problems in politicalRead MoreThe Theory Of International Relations1535 Words   |  7 PagesWhen studying International Relations, there are various theories involved, three of these theories being: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. A theory is fundamentally ideas and complex concepts that have their own way of understanding something. These theories are used in evaluating world politics, by coming up with a unique way of identifying and explaining the events that occur around the world (Mingst 5). The theories help explain different perspectives on how the world system functions;Read MoreDifferences B etween Morgenthau And Kant1311 Words   |  6 PagesA school of thought, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a point of view held by a particular group. Schools of thought relating to world politics are theories that have been the center and cause of countless debates. Two of the most well-known and influential schools of thought in the realm of international politics are realism and liberalism. While the ideas making up both systems have been around for centuries, each school has been since furthered and analyzed by international relations

Supply Chain Management Executives †Free Samples to Samples

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management Executives. Answer: Introduction Inventory management is one of the top areas of concern for most of the supply chain executives. Effective inventory management is what separates best in class companies from laggards (Wagner, Kemmerling, 2014). Inventory management comes into picture because no matter how many models were developed and research is conducted in the area of demand forecasting, forecasts are always unpredictable and there is always c challenge in balancing supply and demand. If the company increases the supply anticipating huge demand, then the holding and carrying costs will go up and there is also huge risk of obsolescence due to short life cycle of products in this age of rapid change in technology. At the same time, if the company decreases its supply anticipating low customer orders, then there is opportunity costs and loss of profits as well as it is also possible that company may permanently lose the customer in future sales. As a result, there is a tradeoff between manufacturing excessive inventory of finished good items as well as keeping the low supply of finished good items. Similarly, each time, manufacturer placed orders with suppliers for raw materials requirements, it incurs an ordering costs like preparation of requisition, conversion of requisition to purchase order, approval of purchase order, supplier communication costs. Thus, it will be easy to believe that manufactures will try to reduce the frequency of orders by placing orders with large quantities however there is a tradeoff here also. For instance, if manufacturer places order for large quantity, holding or carrying costs will increase as bigger space will be required to hold extra inventory. Holding costs are the costs related to storage facilities, insurance, breakage, more security, taxes and so on. Thus, there are multiple tradeoffs that manufacturers has to face in effectively managing the inventory (Sarkar, Chaudhuri, Moon, 2015) . To be more precise, Inventory management answers the questions of how much quantity should be ordered in a given order and when the order should be placed such that manufacturer will maximize its customer service and at the same time by lowering its inventory investment. It would be correct to say that inventory management is one of the most important concerns for organizations. The objective of organizations is to have an automated inventory management system in place that would ensure that there are no stock outs and at the same time inventory holding cost is also minimal. Over a period of time, many models were developed for managing the inventory and each model has its own pros and cons. There is no one model that suits all the organizations and organizations are using appropriate models based on their requirements. Also, most of the organizations are using more than one model or combination of models to manage their inventory. Below are some common models that are used to ma nage the inventory: Min-Max ordering technique In this technique, maximum and minimum inventory levels are defined for each item and as soon as the item quantity falls below the minimum level, buyer will be notified and system will suggests to place an order for the quantity that will again make the stock levels to maximum. The biggest drawback of this type of technique is that it does not take into account the lead-time of the item. As a result, this technique is not very common. However, this technique is used within the same organization for replenishing item from one department to another. This technique is an old technique and organizations rarely use this technique to manage their inventory management and operations management problems. This strategy is built so as to overcome the weakness of Min-max technique i.e. it uses the lead-time of items in suggesting the order quantity and timing of the order. In this technique, when the inventory levels falls to the reorder point, order is triggered for replenishment. At the reorder point, on hand inventory is equal to the sum of the quantity required during the lead-time period and safety stock. The idea is that order quantity will be received on the day when on hand quantity becomes equal to safety stock (Moon, Shin, Sarkar, 2014). Thus, company will never have to use their safety stock unless there is some real emergency. However, the quantity of the order is actually calculated by Economic order quantity (EOQ). Economic order quantity calculated the quantity of items that company should buy in order to minimize its total inventory costs including ordering costs and holding costs. There is a tradeoff between ordering costs and holding costs. As one increases, the other one will decrease. In economic order quantity, total cost is calculated and then minimized to get the order quantity. The cost is minimized when the ordering cost is equal to holding cost (Cobb, Johnson, 2014). This is a very useful model for businesses. There are certain assumptions like demand is relatively constant or known over time, lead time is known, item is purchasable in batches, holding cost is directly proportional to number of units stored, shortages are not allowed. It is not advisable to use this tool when the shelf life of the item is less, there are restrictions on batch size of the order or in make to order environment. The diagrammatic representation of Economic Order Quantity can be shown as: Period Order Quantity Economic order quantity assumes that the demand is constant over a period of time. This assumption is not at all suitable in a real world because demand is highly volatile. Thus, Period order quantity is more acceptable when the demand is lumpy; there are restrictions on minimum order by suppliers and so on. In this technique, order is placed for the quantity, which is sufficient to meet the demand of period which is equal to EOQ divided by average weekly usage (Chen, Cardena-Barron, Teng, 2014). This strategy is further optimization over EOQ as it can reduce the carrying costs when the demand is not uniform. Inventory accuracy is another important concept in area of Inventory management. It refers to how closely the quantity of inventory in system matches to the actual physical quantity lying in the warehouse. For example, often it is possible that systems quantity is different than actual quantity. This happens due to theft, misplace of items, forgot to update issued and returned items into the system. This is a very dangerous problem because often the customer promising is done based on the quantity present in the electronic system. Now, if the quantity is promised but physically the item does not exists, it will results in poor service levels. Therefore, it is very important that at a given point of time, your system quantity and physical quantity at warehouse should match. In order to improve accuracy, organization can periodically count the item quantities physically and correct the system quantities. It can count the high cost critical items more frequently as compared to low cost items. This is the age of competition and globalization. During such times, companies are bound not to charge the high price for their products because customers has high bargaining powers in most of the areas due to the increased competition. As a result, companies are looking back to cut their costs and improve their business processes so as to improve the margins. Effective inventory management can helps the companies is saving a huge amount of money and thus directly contribute in the bottom line of the company. This is a reason that inventory management has become one of the most important area of concern for the executives and industrial engineers. There are many costs with keeping the excessive inventory. Ordering and holding costs are the most obvious and visible costs but they are not only the tip of the iceberg. There are much more problems which are hidden under the iceberg due to excessive inventory that actually has the huge impact on the profitability of the organization. For example, if the organization is maintain too much inventory and fulfilling the customer orders from the finished goods inventory, many problems remains unexposed in the system. Even if the bottleneck resources are not utilized to the maximum as they control the capacity of the entire factory, this problem will remain hidden (Gungor, Evans, 2017). Also, most of the problems like long changeover times, poor quality, frequent reworks, poor layouts, poor job scheduling, poor business processes and many more will not be exposed if the organization is maintain too much inventory because there will never be sense of urgency to fix the problem when inventory is already available (Gupta, Iyengar, 2014). As a result, organizations will continue to spend higher money due to poor quality and inefficient processes and not able to realize their true potential. This is the age of Lean manufacturing. Lean manufacturing treats inventory as one of the 7 types of waste as it hides the other problems from surfacing (Bhasin, 2015). Sea level is like inventory level and it is hiding the problems under water. As the company started reducing its inventory levels or sea level, more and more problems will be surfaced and the company has to deal with those problems so as to sail smoothly. The aim of the Lean systems is to have zero inventory i.e. just in time however this strategy is not possible in some of the industries. But the thumb rule is that organizations should aim to reduce their inventory as much as possible. This reduction in inventory will expose the hidden problems in the company and as the company will work towards hidden problems, it will gradually improve its financials. For example, during the time of low inventory, customer orders needs to be filled from manufacturing and thus job scheduling, quality everything should be right so tha t it is possible to manufacture it in expected lead time. Financial implications of Inventory There is huge financial implications of maintaining inventory. Inventory is the big portion of the Asset part of the balance sheet. If the companies effectively manage the inventory and reduce its investment into inventory, it can invest the saved amount at some other place and can earn the better interest (Elking, Paraskevas, Grimm, Corsi, Steven, 2017) or they can prepay the loan or they can simply pay back the money to their suppliers and get the discount of 2-3%. It is because most of the suppliers charges some interest rate which is hidden from the buyer if the buyer agrees to pays after few days. Therefore, most of the suppliers will agree for a discount if a buyer will pay them upfront (Hoberg, Protopappa-Sieke, Steinker, 2017). Also, inventory turnover is the important parameter that the company can target in order to reduce the inventory. This parameters calculates the number of times organization is able to sell its inventory in a given year (Feng, Li, McVay, Skaife, 2014). More it is, better it is for the organization. Also, this parameters varies based on the industry. So, it is important that the organization that is planning to use this parameter should take the best in Class Company in its industry and then set the targets based on that. Conclusion As the organizations are finding it difficult to increase their topline due to massive competition, they are focusing more on improving their operations internally to improve their financials. Having excessive inventory is too much expensive for the organizations and reducing the inventory is also increasing the risk of stock outs. Thus, inventory management has become very important to balance the demand and supply and savings arise from inventory management is directly transformed into bottom-line of the company. This is the reason that inventory management is one of the most important area of concern in most of the corporation. References Bhasin, S. (2015). Lean Process Requirements. InLean Management Beyond Manufacturing(pp. 51-102). Springer International Publishing. Chen, S. C., Crdenas-Barrn, L. E., Teng, J. T. (2014). Retailers economic order quantity when the supplier offers conditionally permissible delay in payments link to order quantity.International Journal of Production Economics,155, 284-291. Cobb, B. R., Johnson, A. W. (2014). A note on supply chain coordination for joint determination of order quantity and reorder point using a credit option.European Journal of Operational Research,233(3), 790-794. Elking, I., Paraskevas, J. P., Grimm, C., Corsi, T., Steven, A. (2017). Financial dependence, lean inventory strategy, and firm performance.Journal of Supply Chain Management,53(2), 22-38. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S. E., Skaife, H. (2014). Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.The Accounting Review,90(2), 529-557. Gungor, Z. E., Evans, S. (2017). Understanding the hidden cost and identifying the root causes of changeover impacts.Journal of Cleaner Production. Gupta, S., Iyengar, C. (2014). The tip of the (inventory) iceberg: while most retailers focus on the inventory that is visible in their stores and distribution centers, too few pay attention to the hidden costs of high inventory.Supply Chain Management Review,18(6). Hoberg, K., Hoberg, K., Protopappa-Sieke, M., Protopappa-Sieke, M., Steinker, S., Steinker, S. (2017). How do financial constraints and financing costs affect inventories? An empirical supply chain perspective.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,47(6), 516-535. Moon, I., Shin, E., Sarkar, B. (2014). Minmax distribution free continuous-review model with a service level constraint and variable lead time.Applied Mathematics and Computation,229, 310-315. Sarkar, B., Chaudhuri, K., Moon, I. (2015). Manufacturing setup cost reduction and quality improvement for the distribution free continuous-review inventory model with a service level constraint.Journal of Manufacturing Systems,34, 74-82. Wagner, S. M., Kemmerling, R. (2014). Supply chain management executives in corporate upper echelons.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,20(3), 156-166.

The World Essays (4402 words) - 1159, Cadillactica,

The World The World The world is a messed up place and we are all stuck here until our lives are through, or until we choose to leave. Its strange that I go along with everything everyone tells me, such as that I should ware certain cloths or listen to certain songs. I often wonder why I do the things I do, but then I just realize thats who I am. People are confused about why they are here and they dont understand what life is supposed to be about. They think that they should be a certain way or think a certain way, but they are all wrong. We should all act however we want to and not let the world influence us. Chapter one When I was a child I thought that the world was to big for me to understand, but I was wrong. The world is easy to understand if youre not crazy. All you got to do is realize that no one really knows what he or she is doing or where he or she is going. Every day that I wake up I wish that the world would change to where it was all right to be who you really are. Instead you have got to be what the world wants you to be. Its sad that these days a child can be left out of a certain group because his parents cant afford the outrageously expensive cloths that the other kids ware. This may cause the child to feel less encouraged to try in school or other activities. This is the kind of small thinking that causes a teen to act out in violence. After years of being picked on and labeled as a trouble maker just because of who he or she is and were he/she comes from. Society often blames parents or television for these tragedies because they cant admit that their own selfishness and lack of respect for those less fortunate is the true poison of the world. I once saw a man sitting on a street corner playing a guitar with his guitar case open. People passed him without looking or listening. Every now and then someone would toss some loose change or even a dollar, but they still never herd the music the man was playing. I stood and listened for about ten minutes t o what was the greatest live version of Free Bird that I had ever heard. When the man finished I offered him some money not so people would see me doing but because I thought his performance was well worth it. The man just smiled at me and declined it saying, no thanks, your applauds are all the payment I was looking for. That was the moment in my life when I realized the world had it all wrong and society was blind. I was twelve years old. Since that day Ive been on a quest to in some way show the world what I was fortunate enough to learn. Ive tried in many ways to show my peers that its ok to do your own thing and not follow others. Often Ive just been criticized for my actions and told that I was being ridiculous, which in a few extreme cases was true, but I didnt let that stop me. Over the past six years of my life Ive crawled out of what could be called the filth of society and established myself as an outstanding young man in order to get people to notice my examples Im tryin g to set. Of course I totally despise myself for the levels Ive stooped to in order to get where I am today. Never the less, I believe if youre going to do something right u might as well go all out. So I guess by writing this Im trying to finalize the actions that have taken place in my life during what are suppose to be the most important years of a teens life. Perhaps this book will help open a few eyes and turn a few heads but more then likely it will just be criticized and manipulated my several people that are just afraid